Formal Riemannian Structure of the Wasserstein metric

Given a closed and convex space $X\subseteq R^{d}$, two probability measures on the same space, $\mu ,\nu \in {\mathcal {P}}_{2}(X)$, the 2-Wasserstein metric is defined as

$W_{2}(\mu ,\nu ):=\min _{\gamma \in \Gamma (\mu ,\nu )}\left(\int |x_{1}-x_{2}|^{2}\,d\gamma (x_{1},x_{2})\right)^{1/2}$

where $\Gamma (\mu ,\nu )$ is a transport plan from $\mu$ to $\nu$. The Wasserstein metric is indeed a metric in the sense that it satisfies the desired properties of a distance function between probability measures on ${\mathcal {P}}_{2}(X)$. Moreover, the Wasserstein metric can be used to define a Riemannian metric on ${\mathcal {P}}_{2}(X)$. Such a metric allows one to define angles and lengths of vectors at each point in our ambient space.

Tangent Space Induced by the Wasserstein Metric

A convenient way to formalize tangent vectors in this setting is to consider time derivatives of curves on the manifold. A tangent vector at a point $p$ would be the time derivative at 0 of a curve, $p(t)$, where $p(0)=p$. Since we are dealing with a space of probability measures, additional restrictions need to be added in order to make our tangent space well-defined.